![]() That said, all political careers end in failure and the same is often true of military ones. ![]() As Roberts observed: “During his 16 years in power many of the best ideas that underpin and actuate modern democratic politics – meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, secular education, sound finances, efficient administration and so on – were rescued from the revolutionary maelstrom and protected, codified and consolidated.” ![]() Hand-in-hand with this martial success he forged a country in line with his Enlightenment thinking. Of the 60 battles and sieges he was involved in he lost just six and enjoyed famous victories at Austerlitz and Marengo. On one occasion when a particular position was proving vulnerable to enemy fire and casualties were heavy Napoleon christened it Hommes sans peur – Men without fear – and the volunteers kept coming.īut it was his innovative approach to military strategy and battlefield tactics that made him an exceptional general. ![]() The “whiff of grapeshot” proved so potent a deterrent that the Paris mob remained subdued for the next 30 years. ![]()
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